In Their Opinion : Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Commentary : Lawyer & Attorney Michael E. Rigney : Kelley Drye & Warren Law Firm

ABCARIAN v. MCDONALD (August 13, 2010)

Dr. Herand Abcarian was a senior surgeon at the University of Illinois College of Medicine and the University of Illinois Medical Center in Chicago. Over time, he clashed frequently with co-employees over issues like recruitment, compensation, risk management, and benefits. He alleges that several of these co-employees conspired to defame him and deprive him of his constitutional rights. In particular, he alleges: a) they caused the University to settle a malpractice claim against him for almost $1 million, b) the reported the malpractice settlement to federal and state databanks, and c) they caused the malpractice plaintiff's attorney to file suit against Abcarian only to then have it dismissed as a result of the settlement. Abcarian brought suit pursuant to § 1983, alleging constitutional violations of his right to free speech, equal protection, and procedural due process. Judge Der-Yeghiayan (N.D. Ill.) dismissed for failure to state a claim. He also denied Abcarian's requests to amend the judgment and to amend his complaint. Abcarian appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Kanne, Williams, and Hamilton affirmed. The Court first addressed his First Amendment claim that he was retaliated against for his speech. Garcetti dealt with an employer's retaliation and the Court noted that it had already reserved judgment once about whether that rule applied to a co-employee's retaliation. Again, the Court ducked the question whether Garcetti applies to all employees but did conclude that it applies to employees whose actions are advancing the interests of their employer. The Court also concluded that a practical view of the speech, keeping in mind Abcarian's role and the content and context of the speech, lead to the conclusion that he spoke as a public employee under Garcetti, not as a private citizen. His speech was therefore not protected. Abcarian's equal protection claim was a "class-of-one" claim under which a plaintiff need not allege a suspect classification. The plaintiff must, however, allege arbitrary treatment without a rational basis. The basis of Abcarian's claim is that the defendants reported the malpractice settlement. But they had no discretion in the matter. Federal and state law required the report and would have exposed them to punishment had they failed to report. The Court concluded that the lack of discretion precluded an equal protection claim. Abcarian's third constitutional claim was a procedural due process claim based on the defendants' defamation. In order for defamation to rise to the level of a due process violation, a plaintiff must allege that was stigmatized by publicly disclosed information and that he suffered a loss of employment opportunities. The Court concluded that Abcarian could not meet this test because he still maintains his same positions at the Medical Center and College of Medicine. One cannot be thought to have been deprived of something that one still possesses. Finally, the Court concluded that Abcarian could not and did not meet the test for a Rule 59(e) motion. Since a post-judgment amendment would only be allowed if his Rule 59(e) motion was granted and it was clear that the district court had entered a final judgment, Abcarian was also not entitled to amend his complaint.

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PURVIS v. OEST (AUGUST 2, 2010)

Gina Purvis was a high school teacher in Spring Valley, Illinois. In early 2004, rumors of a sexual relationship between Purvis and a 15-year-old student arose. Principal Patricia Lunn questioned Purvis and the student. When both denied the truth of the rumors, she dropped it. However, when the rumors resurfaced the following year, Lunn and Superintendent Oest decided to investigate. Oest and Dean of Students Gary Vicini carried out the investigation. Unfortunately, Vicini knew that Purvis had reported him for the sexual harassment of a student the prior year. Lunn was aware of Vicini's conflict, although Oest was not. Oest and Vicini interviewed the student, who denied the relationship. There is evidence that Vicini then threatened the student with expulsion if he continued to deny the relationship. The student recanted his denial, admitted the relationship, and provided numerous details about its development. Oest reported the matter to the local police, who in turn reported the matter to the Department of Children and Family Services (“DCFS”). Neither the police nor DCFS were informed of Vicini's potential bias. The police investigation resulted in significant additional information, some of which supported the student's admission and some of which did not. Of particular importance was the fact that the student's cousin, while on leave from the Navy, picked the student up from Purvis' house and saw them kissing. Purvis was arrested and resigned her teaching position but was later acquitted of all charges. She brought suit alleging a denial of due process and false arrest against Oest, Lunn, Vicini, and the police investigator. Judge Mihm (C.D. Ill.) denied the defendants' request for summary judgment, finding genuine issues of fact with respect to the constitutional violation itself and concluding that the defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity. The defendants appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Cudahy, Manion, and Williams reversed. First, the Court found genuine issues of material fact both with respect to Vicini's bias and with respect to the independence of the subsequent investigations by the police and the DCFS. Due process is not provided when the process is biased and deprives one of a protected interest. Purvis had a protected interest in her job as a tenured teacher. The Court concluded that a jury could find that the subsequent investigations did not cure the fundamental bias present in the original investigation. The Court then addressed qualified immunity. The first prong of the qualified immunity test was already answered in the Court's treatment of the summary judgment appeal. The facts in a light most favorable to Purvis demonstrated a constitutional violation. Application of the second prong of the test, whether the right was "clearly established," led the Court to conclude that each of the non-police defendants was entitled to qualified immunity. Oest was not even aware of Vicini's bias and could not have knowingly violated a clearly established right. Lunn and Vicini are also entitled to qualified immunity based on the Court's conclusion that there was no case law holding that reporting Purvis to a separate body for an independent investigation violated a clearly established constitutional right. Finally, the Court concluded that the police investigator was entitled to qualified immunity under the first prong of the test. The officer had probable cause to arrest Purvis -- there was no constitutional violation. The evidence uncovered by the police officer "easily" met the probable cause standard -- whether there is a probability of criminal activity. Although significant exculpatory evidence was uncovered in the police investigation (enough, in fact, that Purvis was ultimately acquitted), it did not negate the existence of probable cause. As an alternative ground for finding qualified immunity, the Court noted that a reasonable police officer would believe probable cause existed even if it did not.

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MOSLEY v. CITY OF CHICAGO (July 29, 2010)

It was mid-summer 1999 when Jovan Mosley and three other individuals were standing near the porch of a friend when Howard Thomas walked by. The four of them ran at Thomas. Thomas was beaten to death and the four of them left the area together. All four were arrested and charged with murder. The police took statements from them as well as several eyewitnesses. One eyewitness, Anton Williams, viewed Mosley in a lineup and identified him as a person who was on the scene. The lineup was not documented until 15 months later and the report does not what Williams said about Mosley's particular role in the murder. Another eyewitness, Gregory Reed, implicated all four of the defendants in the beating and specifically identified Mosley as having participated. Reed never testified at trial because he admitted to the prosecutor just before trial that he was quite drunk the night of the incident and had no independent recollection. Mosley remained in jail for over five years until he was tried and acquitted by a jury (see this for commentary on that delay). He brought a § 1983 action against the City of Chicago and several individual police officers who were involved in the investigation. He alleged a due process denial for the withholding of exculpatory evidence, malicious prosecution, and civil conspiracy. Judge Coar (N.D. Ill.) granted summary judgment to the defendants. Mosley appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Flaum, Rovner, and Wood affirmed. The Court first addressed the main issue, the failure to produce exculpatory evidence under Brady. The claim has two parts: a) that the prosecutors did not inform Mosley that Williams told the police at the lineup that Mosley did not participate in the beating, and b) that the prosecutors did not tell Mosley that Reed admitted to being drunk on the night of the incident. The Court noted the "logical tension" in a Brady claim when the case results in an acquittal. The normal test for a Brady claim is that the non-disclosed evidence could put the case in a different light and undermine confidence in the verdict. That test makes no sense when the verdict is an acquittal. In fact, the Court noted that several circuits have concluded that a Brady claim cannot exist after an acquittal. The Court has reserved answering that question in the past and did so again. In Bielanski, the Court concluded that the elements of a post-acquittal Brady claim, if one even exists, are a) the withholding of material and favorable evidence, and b) that would have changed the prosecutor’s decision to try the case. Since Mosley cannot meet either element, his Brady claim fails. With respect to the lineup, the Court concluded that there was literally no evidence in the record that Williams told police that Mosley did not participate in the crime. Other than a one-word answer to a leading question on cross-examination, his testimony was inconsistent with that conclusion. In addition, even if it was said, the prosecutors approach would not have changed. It did not have to prove that Mosley actually participated to prevail on the accountability theory it was pursuing. With respect to Reed being drunk, the prosecutor had no obligation to disclose the statement since Reed never testified at trial. The Court next addressed the state malicious prosecution claim, one of the elements of which is the lack of probable cause. The Court had no difficulty in concluding that the district court's finding that probable cause existed was correct. Finally, with respect to the civil conspiracy claim, the Court pointed out that Mosley offered no evidence of the common scheme element of the conspiracy claim. At the summary judgment stage, Mosley cannot rest on the allegations of his complaint but must come forward with evidence.

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MUSCARELLO v. OGLE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS (June 24, 2010)

Ogle County, Illinois joined the "green" movement in 2003 by amending its zoning ordinances to allow for the construction of windmills. Baileyville Wind Farms received the first special use permit for 40 windmills in 2005. The county also adopted a plan to protect residential, but not non-residential, property owners in the event of any diminution of property value. Patricia Muscarello owns nonresidential property adjacent to the proposed windfarm and has opposed its siting from the beginning. Unsuccessful in her attempts to block the project locally, Muscarello brought suit. She brought constitutional claims (unlawful taking, due process, equal protection), common law claims (trespass, nuisance), and state law claims (declaratory judgment, administrative review, writ of certiorari, unlawful taking, due process, equal protection, injunctive relief). She named over forty defendants, including Ogle County and related entities and individuals, the parties to the administrative proceedings, and Baileyville and its corporate parents. Judge Kapala (N.D. Ill) dismissed all the federal and common law claims as either unripe or for failure to state a claim. He then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. He also denied a request by Baileyville to stay administrative proceedings regarding the expiration of the special use permit. Both parties appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Wood, and Williams affirmed. The Court first addressed the three federal constitutional claims. The takings claim alleged no physical taking but relied on the “regulatory taking” concept. Under that concept, the permit must render her land useless for her to prevail. That is not the case here. Alternatively, the Court noted that Muscarello’s takings claim fails also because she failed to exhaust available state remedies. The Court rejected her equal protection claim that addressed the differential treatment afforded to residential and nonresidential landowners. Not only was it also unripe because of her failure to exhaust, the Court concluded that it would meet the deferential "rational basis" test. With respect to the due process claim, the Court concluded that Muscarello had no protectable property interest in the lifting of restrictions on adjacent property. The Court next addressed the state common-law claims, for which Muscarello asserted diversity jurisdiction. The district court never resolved the jurisdictional question, dismissing instead on ripeness grounds. On appeal, the Court considered both issues. The Court applied its citizenship analysis and concluded that Muscarello established diversity jurisdiction. On the merits, however, the Court agreed with the district court that Illinois law requires an invasion for both a trespass and nuisance. Since the windmills have not yet been built, there is no invasion -- and no trespass or nuisance. Finally, the Court considered the several state claims for which Muscarello asserted supplemental jurisdiction. It found no abuse of discretion for the dismissal of those claims. However, since it had just established that diversity jurisdiction did exist, it questioned whether the district court should have kept these claims under diversity jurisdiction. Although a plaintiff has the burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction, a district court should rarely dismiss when jurisdiction in fact exists but was improperly pleaded. Here, the plaintiff had been given several opportunities to properly plead jurisdiction -- and she failed to do so. The Court decided not to do it for her. Finally, the Court found no abuse of discretion in the district court's denial of Baileyville’s requested stay.

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FINCHER v. SOUTH BEND HERITAGE FOUNDATION (May 10, 2010)

The South Bend Housing Authority (SBHA) evicted Marshall Fincher from one of its public housing units. Fincher then requested tenancy, under Section 8 of the United States Housing Act, in a building owned by the South Bend Heritage Foundation (SBHF). Based on the eviction, SBHF denied his application without a hearing. Fincher brought suit against SBHF. The district court granted summary judgment to SBHF, concluding that Fincher did not have a property interest in any specific SBHF housing and that he failed to identify any contract term between SBHF and HUD for which he was a claimed third-party beneficiary. Fincher appeals.

In their opinion, Circuit Judges Flaum and Wood and District Judge St. Eve affirmed. The Court noted that its 1984 decision in Eidson v. Pierce held that there was no property interest for a Section 8 applicant for a housing unit. Considering Fincher's request that Eidson be overruled, the Court reviewed the analysis of the case and noted that another circuit had expressly adopted its reasoning. The only circuit to squarely contradict the case did so in 1982 -- and its reasoning was considered and rejected in Eidson. The Court distinguished the few other cases brought forth by Fincher. Finding that Eidson was well reasoned and seeing no significant changes in the law since its publication, the Court declined to overturn it. With respect to the third party beneficiary claim, the Court agreed with the district court that Fincher cited no contract term or federal housing regulation that gives rise to any enforceable right.

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TAMBURO v. DWORKIN (April 8, 2010)

John Tamburo designs software for dog lovers. He lives and works in Illinois. One of his products is an online database that provides pedigree information. He created the database by pulling information about pedigrees from other sources on the Internet. The sources of some of the information used by Tamburo were free public websites operated by defendants Henry, Hayes, Mills, and Dworkin. Dworkin is a Canadian resident and citizen -- the others are citizens and residents of the United States. When Henry, Hayes, and Mills discovered what Tamburo had done, they made statements on their own web sites accusing Tamburo of being a thief and of selling stolen goods. They called for a boycott of his products. They even revealed Tamburo's home address and urged their own readers to harass him. Dworkin first demanded that he remove the information from his database. When Tamburo did not do so, Dworkin sent out his own e-mails accusing Tamburo of theft and using the information for an improper purpose. Some of these messages made it to Wild Systems, an Australian company that has its own pedigree software product. Wild Systems forwarded the messages to its own e-mail list. Tamburo sued the four individuals and Wild Systems in Illinois federal court. He sought a declaration that he had violated no federal law and sought damages for antitrust violations, defamation, tortious interference, trade libel, and civil conspiracy. The district court dismissed as to all defendants on the grounds that the court lacked personal jurisdiction. Tamburo appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Kanne, and Sykes affirmed in part and reversed in part. As an initial matter, the Court addressed the state and federal antitrust claims and concluded that the district court properly dismissed them, although they should have been dismissed for failure to state a claim. The claims were stated in a completely conclusory fashion and failed to meet the Twombly standard. The Court then turned to personal jurisdiction. Given the Illinois long-arm statute, the question for the Court was whether the defendants had sufficient "minimum contacts" with the forum to support jurisdiction. The Court concluded that none of the defendants had sufficient contacts with Illinois to support a finding of general jurisdiction. In order to establish specific jurisdiction, a) the contacts must relate directly to the challenged conduct, b) the defendant must have "purposefully directed" activities at the forum, and c) the injury must arise out of that activity. The Court looked to the Supreme Court's decision in Calder for guidance on application of the "purposefully directed" test. It found three requirements: a) intentional conduct, b) aimed at the forum state, and c) defendant's knowledge that the injury would be felt in the forum state. The Court found the first element satisfied. With respect to the second and third elements, the Court noted some tension in its decisions applying Calder -- Janmark focused on an injury in the forum state while Wallace required something more than a forum state injury. Here, there is a forum state injury arising from tortious conduct deliberately aimed at a target in the forum state. That satisfies either test and is enough to exercise personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants. With respect to Wild Systems, however, there is no allegation that it acted with knowledge of Tamburo's location or with the purpose of inflicting injury in Illinois. Thus, personal jurisdiction does not exist with respect to Wild Systems. The Court next addressed the "arise out of" requirement. Although it pointed out the conflict among the circuits with respect to the proper test, it found no need to weigh in on the issue since it concluded that the alleged injury "arose out of" the defendants' contacts even under the most rigorous approach. Finally, the Court concluded that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants would not offend the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.

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FOX v. HAYES (April 7, 2010)

Kevin and Melissa Fox and their children, six-year-old Tyler and three-year-old Riley, lived in a small town in Will County, Illinois, about 60 miles from Chicago. On June 6, 2004, Tyler woke his father up at about 8:00 a.m. and told him Riley was missing -- Melissa had spent the night in Chicago. Riley's lifeless body was found in a nearby forest preserve several hours later. Although the parties’ versions of the investigation vary wildly, the jury could have found the following. Will County detectives, including Scott Swearengen, conducted the investigation. At some point, Swearengen began to suspect Kevin. On October 26, the Foxes were asked to come to the station to talk about the case. Although they thought they were about to receive new information about the murder, they were mistaken. They were immediately separated. Melissa was locked in a waiting area and told that an officer would be with her shortly. Instead, she was left alone for almost 4 hours. Meanwhile, Kevin was taken to an interrogation room where Swearengen accused him of killing Riley. The officers falsely told Kevin that they had fiber evidence implicating him and a surveillance tape showing him driving his SUV during the night. Kevin took a polygraph examination, which the officers told him that he failed. When Melissa offered her love and support to Kevin, Detective Hayes started screaming. He screamed at his fellow officers to remove Melissa from the room, he screamed at Kevin that he was a "f***ing murderer," and he screamed at Melissa. Continuing to use a lot of profanity, he screamed at Melissa that Kevin was a liar and a murderer, that he never loved her, that he killed her daughter, and that she had to "get over it." After that episode, the detectives continued the interrogation of Kevin. Hayes told Kevin that if he did not confess, he would make sure that Kevin was raped every day he was in prison. At one point, Swearengen told Kevin that the state's attorney would give him a deal if he admitted that he accidentally killed his daughter. He told him he would be out on bond the very next day and wood only have to serve 3-5 years in prison. Kevin decided to go along with the story and "confessed." He immediately renounced the confession the next morning when he was allowed to meet with a lawyer. Months later, his defense team had the DNA evidence tested. The test results showed conclusively that the DNA found on Riley's body did not come from Kevin. Kevin was released the next day, after 243 days in jail. Kevin and Melissa brought suit under both § 1983 and Illinois law against several Will County detectives. Kevin's allegations included due process violations, false arrest, malicious prosecution, intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), and punitive damages. Melissa's claims include loss of consortium, IIED, and punitive damages. After a six-week trial, a jury awarded Kevin $9.3 million and Melissa $6.2 million. The trial judge struck some of the punitive damage award and dismissed the case against a detective whose estate had settled. The end result was an award of $12.2 million. The detectives appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Flaum, Evans, and Williams affirmed in part and reversed in vacated in part. The central issue on appeal is defendants' argument that they had probable cause to arrest Kevin and are therefore entitled to qualified immunity on all the counts except the IIED claim. In order to resolve that issue, the Court had to identify the earliest time that the jury could have found Kevin to be under arrest and then assess whether a reasonable jury could have found that the defendants lacked probable cause to arrest Kevin at that time. On the first question, the Court had little difficulty identifying a time early in the interrogation when Kevin tried to leave the room and was told to sit down. The fact that he did not specifically ask to leave is only one factor in the analysis. Here the other factors --whether he knew he was a suspect of a crime, whether his movement was limited, whether the officers were engaged in a course of conduct, and whether he was in a private location -- all support a conclusion that he was under arrest. With respect to the second issue, the Court examined the long list of facts that the defendants argued supported probable cause. After it eliminated from the list facts that were disputed, irrelevant, or mischaracterized, the Court concluded that a reasonable jury could have concluded that they fell short of probable cause. On the merits of the defendants' argument that the substantive due process claim could not stand, the Court agreed with the defendants. It is well settled that a substantive due process claim cannot prevail where state law provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy. The state law false arrest and malicious prosecution claims do exactly that here -- the jury verdict on the due process claim must be set aside. The Court next upheld the verdict on Melissa's IIED claim. Although it agreed that the evidence of Melissa's distress was weak, it concluded that Hayes' abuse of authority in a particularly emotional environment was enough to uphold the claim. Finally, the Court addressed certain damage awards. Although it upheld a $2.7 million award for Melissa's loss of consortium because it found a rational connection between the award and the evidence, it concluded that the $1 million award on the IIED claim was excessive because there it lacked such a connection. The Court also concluded that the $1.6 million false arrest award to Kevin was not supported by the evidence since the false arrest award only covered the period of time between his arrest and the first issuance of process (36 hours). Instead of a new trial, however, the Court ordered a remittitur to $150,000 on Melissa's IIED claim and $16,000 on Kevin's false arrest claim.

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LONDON v. RBS CITIZENS (April 1, 2010)

After Chase Bank obtained a judgment against Andrew and Carolyn London, it issued a Citation to Discover Assets to Charter One Bank. The citation prohibited Charter One from allowing any transfer or disposition of the London’s property "not exempt from execution." Included with the citation was a specific notice indicating that Social Security benefits were exempt funds. Charter One froze the London's accounts, including one into which Social Security benefits were deposited electronically. The Londons demanded that Charter One release the exempt funds -- Charter One refused. Over the course of the next several weeks, additional Social Security deposits were made to the account. They also were frozen and their release denied. The Londons filed suit under § 1983, claiming that the bank violated their constitutional right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment as well as 42 U.S.C. § 407(a). The district court granted Charter One's motion to dismiss, concluding that the temporary freeze did not violate § 407(a) and that the Londons were afforded adequate process by a post-deprivation hearing in state court. The Londons appeal.

In their opinion, Chief Judge Easterbrook and Judges Manion and Evans affirmed. In order to state any claim under § 1983, stated the Court, a plaintiff must allege the deprivation of a right guaranteed by the Constitution or laws and that the deprivation occurred at the hands of a person acting "under color of state law." Under that standard, private persons may not be sued for purely private conduct. Instead, for a private party to be held accountable under § 1983, the deprivation must be caused by the exercise of a right created or imposed by the state. Here, to the contrary, the bank was not following any state-imposed right or rule of conduct. The citation itself restricted its order to funds that were not exempt from execution and provided a notice that Social Security benefits were exempt. The bank's misapplication of the state law directive does not amount to conduct taken "under color of state law."

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STOKES v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (March 19, 2010)

Nyokia Stokes has four children who attend the same elementary school in Chicago. One of her children, a third-grade daughter, had a problem with a classmate. Ebony Scott, the classmate's mother, paid a visit to Stokes' home one night and allegedly threatened her. Stokes and her mother, Carnelita Stokes, met with the police and the school principal, Johnny Banks, the next morning. Banks agreed to host a meeting between Stokes and Scott. When Stokes and her mother returned to the school that very afternoon to pick up Stokes' kindergarten daughter, they encountered Ebony Scott and her cousin in the school office. The factual accounts of what happened next vary. What is clear is that Scott, Scott’s cousin, and Stokes were involved in a lengthy physical and verbal altercation. Most accounts agree that Scott was the aggressor and Stokes was the victim. Approximately thirty kindergarten students entered the office during the altercation and became extremely upset. Banks arrived in the office as the altercation was ending. He instructed Scott and her cousin to go into his office and instructed Stokes and her mother to go to another room. Stokes' mother refused to leave and continued yelling at Banks. Banks swore out criminal complaints against all four women and they were arrested. They were released several hours later and the charges against them were dismissed. The Stokes sued Banks and the school district under § 1983, alleging a violation of their Fourth Amendment rights. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants. The Stokes appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Posner, Manion, and Hamilton affirmed. The gist of the Stokes' complaint is that Banks lacked probable cause to swear out the criminal complaints. The existence of probable cause, therefore, is an absolute bar to recovery. Because the case was decided on summary judgment, the Court examined the record to see if there was a genuine dispute of material fact with respect to the existence of probable cause. A complaining witness is not expected to determine whether a person's behavior satisfies the essential elements of a crime. To the contrary, probable cause involves the exercise of judgment and depends on the facts and circumstances of the case. Here, even resolving factual disputes in the Stokes' favor, the record shows that Banks entered the room and found Stokes involved in a violent and loud altercation. Many young school children were in the same room and visibly upset. Those undisputed facts provide probable cause for Banks to sign a criminal complaint against Stokes. Although Stokes' mother was not actually involved in a physical altercation, she was in the same room and Banks knew that she was Stokes' mother. Her yelling and refusal to comply with Banks' request to leave contributed to the chaos. Thus, Banks had probable cause to sign the complaint against Carnelita . The facts that were developed after the incident supported the Stokes' position that they were the victims of the altercation and that they did nothing to incite it nor did they retaliate. Nevertheless, the Court noted that Banks was not required to conduct an investigation. He was responsible for maintaining order and had to do so quickly. He exercised the judgment of a reasonable person in taking the action that he did.

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COVELL v. MENKIS (February 8, 2010)

The Illinois Deaf and Hard of Hearing Commission (the "Commission") was created several years ago to provide services for and advocate on behalf of the hard of hearing. Gerald Covell served as its Director from 1998 until 2003. In July of that year, the Commissioners terminated him. Covell filed suit under § 1983, alleging that defendants violated both his property and liberty interests. Specifically, he alleged that he was let go without any pre-or post-termination process in violation of a property interest. He also alleges that defendants circulated false information about him, without providing him an opportunity to clear his name, in violation of his liberty interest. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants, concluding that Covell had no property interest in this position and that he failed to demonstrate that any particular defendant circulated negative information. Covell appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Manion and Williams affirmed. The Court first addressed the existence of a property interest. Although a property interest can arise from state law, a person must identify a specific statute, rule, or contract that limits the ability of the state to terminate him. The rules governing Covell's position states that he "shall serve at the pleasure of the Commission." The Court rejected Covell's position that an inconsistent right was somehow incorporated into the regulation by its reference to the Personnel Code. Since he had no property interest, he had no right to due process. With respect to his liberty interest claim, the Court stated that the plaintiff must show that he was stigmatized by publicly disclosed information and that he suffered a tangible loss. Specifically, the plaintiff must show that a named defendant made the public disclosure. Here, Covell contends only that the disclosure was made by someone in the government. Without evidence that the disclosure was made by a named defendant, Covell's claim fails.

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AVILA v. PAPPAS (January 4, 2010)

Maria Avila was already in trouble. Her employer, the Cook County Treasurer's Office, was about to conduct a disciplinary hearing. Avila made it worse when she told one of her coworkers that she might "go postal." Her coworker advised her superiors. They not only added a disciplinary count for the implied threat and fired her but alerted the authorities. Avila was criminally prosecuted. The prosecutor charged a felony, taking the position that one of the targets of Avila's threat was a public official. Avila was acquitted, the court holding that he was not a public official. Avila filed suit against her superiors pursuant to §1983, alleging both constitutional violations and state law malicious prosecution. Although the court dismissed the federal counts, it retained the state law claim under supplemental jurisdiction and resolved it on the merits in favor of the defendants. Avila appeals the judgment on the state law claim.

In their opinion, Chief Judge Easterbrook and Judges Wood and Tinder vacated and remanded with instructions to dismiss for want of jurisdiction. The Court first addressed its jurisdiction. Although Avila asserted four federal law theories, the Court emphasized that a federal claim must have substance to create a basis for federal jurisdiction. The Court concluded that the federal claims -- substantive due process, conspiracy, failure to train, and equal protection -- were frivolous. The Court principally relied on the Supreme Court's decision in Albright and the Court's own decision in Newsome, holding that malicious prosecution does not violate the Constitution if state law recognizes it as a tort (which Illinois does).

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MANN v. CALUMET CITY (December 7, 2009)

Calumet City passed an ordinance that requires a homeowner to conduct an inspection prior to the sale of the house to ensure its compliance with the building code. Several residents of the city brought an action challenging the constitutionality of the ordinance. The court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim. The residents appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Posner and Sykes affirmed. The Court first noted that the residents challenged the ordinance as written, not relying on any particular facts regarding its application to them. The Court then reviewed the "reasonable" procedural provisions of the ordinance, concluding that the residents' challenges were frivolous.
 

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GUNVILLE v. WALKER (October 9, 2009)

Robert Gunville and Richard Oakley had both worked for the Illinois Department of Corrections for over twenty years, all during Republican administrations, when a Democratic governor was elected in 2003. Both were laid off within months of the new administration’s inauguration. Gunville was an active member of the Republican Party while Oakley had a record of voting in Republican primaries. Gunville and Oakley brought suit, alleging a violation of their First Amendment rights. They also allege a violation of their Fourteenth Amendment rights as a result of their placement on a reemployment list for only their last county of employment. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants. Gunville and Oakley appeal.

In their opinion, Judges Manion, Rovner and Sykes affirmed. In first addressing their First Amendment claim, the Court noted that there was no dispute that their speech was constitutionally protected and that they suffered a deprivation. The issue on appeal was whether the layoff came as a result of their political affiliation. In order to establish the unlawful motivation, the plaintiffs must first establish that the defendants knew of their political affiliation. After concurring with the district court's hearsay ruling on one particular statement, the Court concluded that there was a complete absence of evidence that the persons deciding which jobs to eliminate knew of plaintiffs' political affiliations. The Court came to the same conclusion with respect to the Fourteenth Amendment claims. The due process clause does not provide an opportunity to challenge the meaning of a regulation, the relief plaintiffs sought. To the extent that plaintiffs assert political retaliation, the due process argument suffers from the same complete absence of evidence as the First Amendment claim.

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CASNA v. CITY OF LOVES PARK (July 24, 2009)

From 1996 through 2003, Mary Casna worked for the City of Loves Park in two different positions. Though she had a serious hearing impairment, it did not interfere with her performance. In her second job, Casna and one of her superiors did not enjoy a good working relationship. The City transferred her to a temporary police clerk position for six months in order to evaluate her performance in a less volatile atmosphere. Casna's hearing impairment became an issue. In one particular episode, Casna explained to her supervisor, Kay Elliot, that she had not heard her make a request. Elliot snapped: "How can you work if you cannot hear?" Casna accused Elliot of being discriminatory. Elliot consulted with her supervisor and prepared a written performance evaluation, even though Casna was only two months into the job. At the police chief's request, and based on the negative evaluation, the Mayor fired Casna. Casna brought suit against the City, the Mayor and the Police Chief. She alleged that she was fired in retaliation for her complaints of discrimination. She also alleged that the City violated Due Process by discharging her without a hearing. The district court granted summary judgment to defendants. Casna appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Manion, Rovner and Sykes reversed and remanded. On the due process claim, the Court stated that Casna must establish a property interest that is guaranteed by the Constitution but found in Illinois law. Relying on Illinois’ civil service statute, the Court concluded that her first position was exempt but that her second job was not exempt (although the resolution appointing her said it was). Although the Court agreed that a temporary position (her third job) is normally exempt, the Court also concluded that the City could not transfer Casna out of a protected job into an unprotected job and then fire her without process. The Court also rejected the City’s reliance on the requirement that a protected employee obtain her job through the civil service process. Since it was the City that wrongfully tried to make the second position exempt, the Court held that it was estopped from relying on that requirement. Casna is entitled to prove her damages, if any, arising from the lack of process. The Court also reversed the lower court on the retaliation claim. It concluded that Casna’s single statement to Elliot complaining of discrimination, though informal, was sufficient to amount to “protected activity.” Finally, although the Court cautioned that suspicious timing is rarely enough to establish a triable issue on causation, it concluded that it did here, where the police chief recommended her termination the day after the protected activity.  

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BODENSTAB v. COUNTY OF COOK (June 22, 2009)

Dr. Philip Bodenstab was an anesthesiologist at Cook County Hospital from 1993 until 2002. In February of 2002, Bodenstab, recently diagnosed with cancer, had a telephone conversation with a friend during which he threatened to kill his supervisor and co-workers. The friend contacted theFBI and Chicago police. The FBI and police contacted the director of the hospital and told him that the threats were credible. The hospital suspended Bodenstab with pay. Over the next several months, Bodenstab went through a series of assessments, evaluations and treatments. After his discharge from treatment and evaluation by the hospital's own psychiatrist, the hospital conducted a pre-disciplinary hearing on the major infraction of threatening to kill coworkers. The hearing officer concluded that the infraction warranted discharge. The hospital fired him. Bodenstab brought an action against Cook County and several individuals seeking to overturn the administrative decision and bringing affirmative allegations that his discharge violated the Americans with Disabilities Act, the First Amendment and due process. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants. Bodenstab appeals.

In their opinion, Chief Judge Easterbrook and Judges Flaum and Manion affirmed. The Court rejected each of Bodenstab's arguments in turn. The ADA disparate treatment claim failed because Bodenstab presented no evidence challenging the sincerity of the hospital's belief that he threatened to harm his co-workers. Even if they were mistaken, the Court held that Bodenstab could not show pretext if they reasonably believed the threats. The ADA failure to accommodate claim failed because there is no obligation to accommodate conduct -- and conduct was the reason Bodenstab was fired. The First Amendment claim failed for the same reason the ADA disparate treatment claim failed. Bodenstab was fired because he threatened to kill coworkers -- not because of his speech -- and Bodenstab introduced no evidence otherwise. The Court next rejected Bodenstab's common-law certiorari claim to review the administrative decision on the merits. That claim presents the question of whether the record contains any evidence which fairly tends to support the findings -- it does. Finally, the Court concluded that Bodenstab was afforded adequate notice and a pre-termination hearing that complied with the mandates of due process.

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RUJAWITZ v. MARTIN (April 2, 2009)

Mark Rujawitz was an at-will employee of theIllinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) for thirteen years. When he violated an injunction requiring him to keep his distance from his ex-girlfriend, IDOT fired him. A disciplinary panel reviewed the discharge and recommended a lesser level of discipline. Rujawitz was reinstated and his discipline was changed to a suspension without pay. Rujawitz brought a § 1983 action against the secretary of IDOT, alleging that he was denied his substantive due process rights. The district court dismissed the complaint on the ground that Rujawitz had no property right in continued employment. Rujawitz appeals

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Posner and Rovner affirmed. In order to establish a due process claim, the court stated, Rujawitz had to demonstrate a constitutionally protected property interest. The Court looked to state law for that determination. The Court could locate no ordinance, law or employment agreement that changed Rujawitz's status from an at-will employee to one with an expectation of continued employment. The Court rejected Rujawitz 's position that the presence and use of the disciplinary procedures established a property interest protectable under the Fourteenth Amendment.

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CLANCY v. OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL (March 11, 2009)

Ryan Clancy, an American citizen, traveled to Iraq in January 2003. Clancy's purpose was to protest the United States’ involvement in Iraq by acting as a “human shield.” Upon his return to the United States, Clancy admitted to a customs official the reason for his trip. The Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") issued a Pre-penalty Notice ("PPN"), charging Clancy with providing services to Iraq by shielding facilities from possible military action. OFAC relied on regulations, promulgated post-September 11, restricting trade and transactions with Iraq. OFAC advised Clancy that he could be assessed a penalty of up to $250,000. It offered him the opportunity to make a written response. Clancy submitted a response in which he challenged the validity of the regulations. He did not dispute the factual basis of the charges. OFAC assessed a final civil penalty of $8,000. Clancy filed suit. The district court granted summary judgment against Clancy on all of his claims. Clancy appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Bauer, Kanne and Williams affirmed. The Court first addressed Clancy's procedural due process argument. The relevant inquiry, it said, is whether the procedures afforded presented an unreasonable risk of an erroneous deprivation of a protected interest. The Court concluded that the procedures afforded to Clancy -- the pre-penalty notice, a statement of the underlying facts, an opportunity to respond -- were constitutionally sufficient. The Court then addressed Clancy's challenge to the validity of the regulations. It rejected each of Clancy's arguments. It concluded: a) that the regulations were a proper exercise of OFAC's authority, b) that the travel restrictions were justified by national foreign-policy considerations, c) that Clancy's travel was not "inherently expressive" so as to invoke rights under the First Amendment, and d) that Clancy's actions in Iraq attempted to confer a benefit on the country and therefore met the definition of "services" as that term is used in the regulation.

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BIELANSKI v. COUNTY OF KANE (December 18, 2008)

Kane County set up a Child Advocacy Center (“Center”) to coordinate the investigation and prosecution of child sexual abuse. The Child Advocacy Advisory Board (“Board”) is responsible for drafting the policies and procedures for those investigations and prosecutions. Kathryn Berg and David Byrne were a child protection investigator and police officer, respectively, assigned to the Center. [The facts that follow, given the posture of the appeal from a motion to dismiss, are taken from the complaint.] In mid-2001, Berg and Byrne interviewed a six-year old boy and his parents. The boy claimed he had been sexually abused by “Lorri.” Berg and Byrne failed to follow accepted techniques used in child victim interviews. They did not use techniques to identify the perpetrator and did not even ask the boy to describe her. Within days, Lorri Bielanski, a fifteen-year-old neighbor of the boy, was notified that credible evidence existed that she had sexually assaulted the boy. Sometime shortly after Berg and Byrne’s interview of the boy, they learned that: a) he was taking medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, b) he was in special education classes, c) he was known, on two occasions, to have undressed with others and tried to get others to undress, d) his parents confronted him about the undressing incidents and punished him, and e) his parents suggested to him that he may have been sexually abused. Berg and Byrne did not disclose this information to the prosecutors or Bielanski. The county filed a Petition for Adjudication of Wardship, alleging the commission of two sexual assault felonies. As a result, Bielanski was forced to attend court hearings and an interview with a probation officer and was not allowed to travel out of the state without court permission. Bielanski was eventually acquitted of all charges and was successful in getting her record expunged. She filed a complaint against the County, the Center, the Board, Berg, and Byrne. Based on § 1983, she alleged: a) that the defendants violated her Fourth Amendment rights by compelling her to attend the court hearings and restricting her movement, and b) that Byrne and Berg violated her rights to a fair trial and due process by withholding the information they had about the boy. The district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss. Bielanski appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Posner, Kanne and Rovner affirmed. The Court began with Bielanski’s Fourth Amendment claim. In order to make out such a claim, the plaintiff must allege a seizure and that it was unreasonable. Since Bielanski was not seized in the normal sense of an arrest, the Court reviewed Justice Ginsburg’s “continuing seizure” concurrence in Albright and other circuits’ approaches in similar situations. In Albright, Justice Ginsburg supported a Fourth Amendment analysis whereby a defendant who was arrested, released, and then summoned back to court based on the misleading testimony of a police officer could state a claim for unlawful seizure. No other Justice has adopted the analysis. The Court concluded that a summons, even when combined with travel restrictions and a forced probation officer interview, is an insufficient restraint on freedom to constitute a seizure. The Court then addressed the fair trial claim. The elements of that claim are that: a) the evidence is favorable to the accused, b) that it was suppressed by the government, and c) that it was material. The Court noted that materiality was the only element in dispute and that the Supreme Court had not addressed a case in which evidence was withheld and the defendant was later acquitted. Several other circuits have concluded that a Brady claim cannot survive an acquittal or dismissal of charges. The Court concluded that Bielanski had no Brady claim since earlier disclosure of the evidence would not have resulted in a dismissal of the charges.

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POWERS v. RICHARDS December 2, 2008

Robert Powers was employed by the State of Illinois in 2002 as Deputy Director of the Department of Central Management Services. Powers is alleged to have been part of a scheme to help certain state employees keep their jobs. The employees had been appointed to their jobs for four-year terms. During those terms, they could not be fired but for cause. Instead of allowing their terms to expire shortly after the election of a new governor and risk being replaced, these employees voluntarily resigned before the election. They were then reappointed to new four-year terms. Powers signed the personnel forms that were necessary for the scheme to succeed. Powers did not have the authority to sign the forms and did so knowing that the Director would not. In October of 2002, Powers took a new job as Executive Secretary of the Civil Service Commission (“Commission”). The role of the Commission is to hear appeals of state employees regarding discharges and discipline, modify personnel rules, and investigate personnel violations. Powers’ role as Executive Secretary included drafting rules and regulations, making recommendations regarding resolution of disputes, and interpreting the Personnel Code, among others. When a new governor took office in January of 2003, he began an investigation into the late appointments. The governor’s office concluded that Powers was involved in the scheme and referred its findings to the Commission. The Commission suspended Powers and authorized its Chairman to conduct a hearing. The Chairman was authorized to fire Powers if he did not produce exculpatory evidence at the hearing. The Chairman notified Powers of his rights and held a hearing. The Chairman recommended that Powers be fired – and he was. Powers received a post-deprivation hearing before an ALJ. The ALJ concluded that the firing was warranted. Powers brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He alleged that his firing was a deprivation of his right to association because it was on account of his party affiliation. He also alleged a lack of pre-deprivation procedural due process. The defendants conceded, for purposes of summary judgment, that Powers was fired because he was a Republican. The district court granted summary judgment to all defendants. Powers appeals.

In their opinion, Judges Manion, Rovner, and Evans affirmed. The Court stated that the First Amendment does not prohibit a firing based on party loyalty if that loyalty is necessary to properly perform the job. The considerations in determining that necessity include whether the position allows for meaningful input into government decision-making and involves political discretion. The Court reviewed Powers’ job description to decide whether the position was such a position. The Court recited the job’s numerous responsibilities and concluded that they did include broad discretion to make policy, interpret the law, and speak on behalf of the Commission. The position is therefore one into which an incoming administration can appoint someone of its own party. With respect to Powers’ procedural due process argument, the Court noted that when a person is afforded a full post-deprivation hearing, a pre-deprivation hearing satisfies due process if it includes notice, an explanation of the evidence, and an opportunity to be heard. Since Powers concedes that he had all that is required, he cannot prevail. Finally, the Court was not persuaded by Powers’ unsupported claim that the Commission had already decided to fire him before the hearing.

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SANDAGE v. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS (November 24, 2008)

Sheena Sandage-Shofner twice called the sheriff’s department in Vanderburgh County and complained that a man named Moore was harassing her. Moore was in the sheriff’s custody, serving a prison term for robbery. Sandage-Shofner’s complaints arose at times when Moore was out of prison on work release. Two days after her second complaint, Moore murdered Sandage-Shofner and two other people and then took his own life. Christine Sandage and Arthur Shofner brought a suit under § 1983, claiming that the County’s failure to reimprison Moore deprived their decedents of their lives without due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court dismissed for failure to state a claim. Sandage and Shofner appeal.

In their opinion, Chief Judge Easterbrook and Judges Posner and Rovner affirmed. Relying principally on the Supreme Court’s decision in DeShaney, the Court held that there is no federal constitutional duty to protect the citizenry from private violence, nor is there a right to be rescued from a danger that was not created by the government. There is a right not to be harmed, a right illustrated, for example, by prisoner cases alleging deliberate indifference to medical needs. Here, the Court concluded, the government did not restrict Sandage-Shofner’s access to aid and it took no affirmative steps that increased the danger to Sandage-Shofner. It simply failed in its moral obligation to protect its citizens from private harm, for which there is no federal constitutional remedy.

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